Experimental apparatus for femtosecond electron diffraction
A short electron pulse transmits through a thin gold film. The electrons scatter of the gold atoms and imprint the crystalline structure of the sample in the diffraction pattern. An intense ultrashort laser pulse, whose arrival time at the sample is varied relative to the arrival time of the electron pulse, is used to instantaneously deposit up to 2,850,000 J/kg of energy in the sample. By variation of the time delay between the pulses, an atomic-level movie is obtained with femtosecond shutter speed.
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