Since the inception of the human genome project, the acronym ELSA (ethical, legal and social aspects) has become synonymous with research that examines how the modern life sciences impact society. ELSA research has contributed significantly to a greater appreciation of the social and political aspects and implications of genomics, nanotechnology and other emerging life science research fields. At the same time, it is less clear what impact ELSA actually had on the governance and development of these research fields. While much has been accomplished by ELSA research, other challenges remain, such as how it could most efficiently contribute to responsible research and innovation. The panel discussion brings together leading international experts to discuss the past, present and future of ELSA research: What can we learn from its successes and failures in order to shape the future of ELSA research? How can the life sciences, social sciences, and humanities collaborate to foster responsible research and innovation in the life sciences?